Updated April 8, 2003
Because your pictures are important to you, this information is presented as an alert to travelers carrying unprocessed film. New FAA-certified (Federal Aviation Administration) explosive detection systems are being used in U.S. airports to scan (x-ray) checked baggage. This stronger scanning equipment is also being used in many non-US airports. The new equipment will fog any unprocessed film that passes through the scanner.
The recommendations in this document are valid for all film formats (135, Advanced Photo System [APS], 120/220, sheet films, 400 ft. rolls, ECN in cans, etc.).
Note: X rays from airport scanners don't affect digital camera images or film that has already been processed, i.e. film from which you have received prints, slides, KODAK PHOTO CD Discs, or KODAK Picture CDs.
This document also does not cover how mail sanitization affects film. If you would like information on that topic, click on this Kodak Web site: mail sanitization.
X-ray equipment used to inspect carry-on baggage uses a very low level of x-radiation that will not cause noticeable damage to most films. However, baggage that is checked (loaded on the planes as cargo) often goes through equipment with higher energy X rays. Therefore, take these precautions when traveling with unprocessed film:
The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) recommendations for traveling with film may be found at: http://www.kodak.com/exit/TSA .
The FAA provides air travelers in the United States the right to request a non-X-ray inspection of photosensitive products (FAA Reg. 108.17-AIRPLANE OPERATOR SECURITY). The complete regulation is very informative, but section Part 108.17e is most important to travelers carrying film. Click here to go to the FAA Web site: FAA , or view section 17e of FAA Reg. 108: FAA 108 . Remember that this only applies to air travelers in the United States.
The processing lab cannot separate X-ray fog from camera exposure, and because this type of X-ray fog often appears in patterns, it is impossible to correct this damage in the duplicating or printing process. Therefore, make every effort to keep your film away from baggage scanning devices.
There are two types of higher-dose scanners. The first type is similar to a hospital CAT scan and uses a low-dose scan followed by a higher-dose scan on specific areas of the baggage. The second type gives a high-dose, full bag scan on the first pass, damaging the film immediately.
Tests indicate that there is significant fogging of unprocessed film when the film sustains a direct hit by either of the different scanner's high-intensity X-ray beam. Faster films show a more dense fog.
Fog caused by the new baggage scanners is usually more pronounced than fog caused by other means. Fog from the CAT scan type of scanner typically appears as soft-edged bands 1/4 to 3/8 inch (1 to 1.5 cm) wide. The orientation of the fog stripe depends on the orientation of the film relative to the X-ray beam. The banding may be linear or wavy and can run lengthwise or horizontally on the film. It can also undulate, depending on the combination of the angle of exposure and the multiple laps of film on the roll. (See images below.) However, the fog will usually lack the more subtle patterns produced by traditional types of X-ray equipment. Additionally, whether or not this stripe is seen in the photographic print may depend on scene content. Busy scenes with flowers, foliage, etc. may obscure or lessen the perception of X-ray effects.
Fog appearance:
Fog from the full bag, high-dose scanners affects the whole negative, causing the entire image to appear overexposed and grainy. Dark or black images might appear green.
Effects of the CAT scan type scanner on 800 speed film as seen in a print:
Effects of the Examiner 3DX 6000, full bag scanner, before and after one scan:
Effects of the Examiner 3DX 6000 full bag scanning equipment after 5 scans:
Additional comparisons of pictures on 400 speed film that were exposed to the full bag type of airport scanners:
No scan.
One scan.
No scan.
One scan.
Heavy grain can be seen throughout this image shot on 200 speed APS film, and a greenish tint appears in some of the dark areas due to a full bag scanner.
A night photo on KODAK GOLD 200, after one scan on the CAT scan type scanner:
Photo courtesy of F-STOP, a film advocacy committee.
Samples of unexposed KODAK PROFESSIONAL PORTRA 400VC Film (color-negative) that have been scanned are shown below and illustrate the appearance and severity of the exposures.
Print from color-negative film:
Print from color-negative film:
Color-negative film:
For more information on the impact of scanning equipment,
click on this
link to the International Imaging Industry Association's (I3A) Web site:
I3A .
Certain film keeping conditions can produce effects that are confused with X-ray fog. The older the film, the greater accumulation of actinic radiation. With time, ambient radiation slowly fogs the faster silver halide grains so that the film appears grainier. This is especially noticeable on 800 speed or faster film. Keeping the film cool or frozen does NOT change this effect. Over time, radiation can penetrate or occur naturally in nearly all materials.
Heat can affect the film's tone scale and color, giving results that look like X-ray fog. The amount of damage depends on the specific film and the storage conditions.
You can usually distinguish the more common types of X-ray fog by the distinct patterns and increased granularity. On 35 mm film, reverse-wind streaks are often mistaken for X-ray fog. However, these streaks are more evenly spaced and prominent, and tend to bow outward from the film perforations.
As noted earlier, exposure to some types of airport security equipment produces pronounced bands of plus density (dark patches) or minus density (light patches). The fog pattern can resemble typical white-light fogging that occurs in a defined path, i.e. from pinhole light leaks in equipment. The most defining characteristics of fog caused by the CAT scan type of equipment are the well defined width of the bands and a uniform density, with an increase in granularity within the band. The banding typically runs continuously through the whole roll or is broken by patterns from the laps of film in the roll.
The full bag scanning type of security X-ray equipment causes a fogged and grainy appearance over an entire picture or over the entire roll of film.
Travelers probably shouldn't worry about possible X-ray damage when hand-carrying their film onto the airplane unless they are carrying:
In any of these cases, you should request visual inspection of your film and of any cameras containing film. Depending on the format(s) of film you have, carrying a light-tight changing bag may be advisable to help the inspection process. Remember that this is only a guaranteed option in U.S. air travel. Outside of the U.S. you are required to comply with the local standards and regulations.
NOTE 1: X-ray fog is most noticeable in the low exposure range of the film, and underexposed film has more of the image recorded in this range. Therefore, the effects of X-ray exposure may further reduce the quality of underexposed images.
NOTE 2: Push-processing involves over-development of film to increase the effective speed and density of underexposed images on color-negative and black-and-white films. On color-reversal films (slides), push-processing on underexposed images decreases the density range. X-ray exposure has the potential to degrade the quality of images that will be push processed.
For more information on how to protect motion picture films from X-ray fog or mail sanitization click here: motion picture X-ray fog.
Samples of unexposed KODAK VISION 200T and 320T Color Negative Film scanned by a checked-luggage scanner are shown below to illustrate the appearance and severity of X-ray fog.
Below are samples of KODAK VISION 320T Color Negative Film (16 mm motion-picture film) exposed to an INVISION CTX-5500 baggage scanner.
Kodak suggests taking the following precautions when transporting film via the airlines: